Explain the evolution of the portrait of the Arab in Modern Hebrew Essay

Explain the evolution of the portrait of the Arab in Modern Hebrew Literature Nation and nationalism in Haim Hazaz's 'The S - Essay Example Consequently, the formation of an independent state has produced a series of new conditions that have heightened the flourishing of Hebrew literary works in Israel in the not so distant past. While this narrative has frequently been recounted, the continuity between the development of Hebrew literature and the formation of the state has altered the historiographic viewpoint on the era (Band 2003). The perspective has been basically natural: the Hebrew literature and the Arabic identity are depicted as parallels maturing together. Credit is given to the pre-state literary works of Haim Hazaz and other established authors. Although it is customary to focus upon what appears to be the new attempts to provide expression to the developing reality of Arabic identity and statehood, the consequent reality is unfinished. Even when creating a literary narrative distantly, most scholars prefer to group the authors of a literary era together and afterwards interpret authors and literary works in dependently, mapping out their growth from time to time in their lives. This is perhaps the most logical means to address the diversity and evolution of artistic output (Band 2003). If we aspire to make sense of the contemporaneous nature of a literature in a particular period, how authors and spectators of different periods interrelate in reality, how social and political circumstances might have influenced them as a generation, we should delve deeply into the dominant themes, such as the evolution of Arab identity and nationalism in Haim Hazaz’s seminal work ‘The Sermon’. These initial remarks on the development of Israel literature present a fundamental perspective for this essay: an interpretation of how Haim Hazaz contributed substantially to the formation of the Zionist story, as well as the modern representation of the Arab identity and nationalism. Although a great deal has been written on the development of Zionism and Hazaz, there has been a lack of suf ficient evaluation of his important contribution in this vital project. Recognition is frequently given to his essay ‘The Sermon’, yet the unrelenting position of Hazaz in the heart of the literary period as the standard, well-liked author of the Labour Party, the major cultural and political strength of the state and the Yishuv in its initial decades (Band 2003), has not been acknowledged. This limitation is the reasonable consequence of the widespread historiographic prejudice that emphasises the revolutionary in each period to the abandonment of the general image of literary construction in any generation. Authors are part of the generation when they initially made a radical difference. Evolution of the Arab Identity and Nationalism in Haim Hazaz’s ‘The Sermon’ The portrait of the Arab in Modern Hebrew literature as shown in ‘The Sermon’ is a remarkable illustration of the Arab cultural and political development. To be examined in Haz az’s essay is the degree to which Modern Hebrew literature acknowledges Arab identity or distinctiveness. Particularly, to what level does Yudka’

Early diagnosis of autism and impact on prognosis Essay Example for Free

Early diagnosis of autism and impact on prognosis Essay Autism and IQ Introduction Early diagnosis of autism and impact on prognosis: a narrative review   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Fernell, Eriksson and Gillberg (2013) based the study of the individuals affected by ASD on the magnocellular theory. The theory’s main constructs include that the people suffering from the disorder will have impaired magnocellular transmission networks and that the impairment is the cause of their problems in the processing of information on movement and motion. The theory also explains the problem as one, where results from the abnormal nature of magnocellular neural networks and a variety of sensory systems, unlike in the case of other similar conditions like dyslexia. The main constructs of the theory used by the authors of the article are based on the malfunctioning nature of the networks that guarantee that the working of the human brain is effective and optimal. The main constructs explored under the theory incorporated into the study are related in a variety of ways.Theyinclude the neurodevelopment deficiencies found in the brains of these individuals are the main cause for the impairment of the individual’s social instinct.The article draws on the behaviors that are manifest from the nature of these individuals, to conclude that the impairment of brain networks lead to socially instinctual deficiencies, for example,slowness in flicker-pedestal evaluations. In real life situations, the individual is not able to indicate the appearance of the different squares.Fernell, Eriksson and Gillberg (2013) contended with the premise of the theory that the effects seen arise from physiological underdevelopment of the brain. They also offered the explanation that impaired development or underdevelopment is caused by a variety of medical deficiencies. Based on the research done in a five-year period, they highlighted that there is a wide variety of causes, including the developmental deficiencies, early detection and trials to correct the issue and the effects of treatment. The effects explored included the impairments seen in the social functionality of the child and the outcomes of the treatment plan. For example, one of the effects explained was that there is little evidence of effective results arising from early interventions (Fernell, Eriksson Gillberg, 2013). The article explored a variety of variables that are either moderating or mediating, depending on their nature and levels, including being epileptic and the fragility of the x syndrome. In the working out of the various constructs, the researchers controlled for the outside factors and variables, and reached the conclusion that there is littl e effectiveness in the early intervention models developed. From the study of the meta-analyses of the studies published by Pub Med in last five years. The researchers found some information showing that the adoption of early intensive treatment led to the successful correction of the problems found in children suffering from ASD. The interpretation of the findings was that more study was needed to explore the link between the impaired development of the networks and the intensity of behavioral corrections. Based on the article’s area of study as well as its findings, some information gaps were exposed, including those on whether the mediating variables of epilepsy among others could hold the key to the positive outcomes. The effects of the mediating factors should be explored further, so as to find out whether it will be necessary to develop a new theory incorporating them (Fernell, Eriksson Gillberg, 2013). The main constructs explored under the theory incorporated into the study are related in a variety of ways.Theyinclude the neurodevelopment deficiencies found in the brains of these individuals are the main cause for the impairment of the individual’s social instinct.The article draws on the behaviors that are manifest from the nature of these individuals, to conclude that the impairment of brain networks lead to socially instinctual deficiencies, for example,slowness in flicker-pedestal evaluations. In real life situations, the individual is not able to indicate the appearance of the different squares.Fernell, Eriksson and Gillberg (2013) contended with the premise of the theory that the effects seen arise from physiological underdevelopment of the brain. They also offered the explanation that impaired development or underdevelopment is caused by a variety of medical deficiencies. Based on the research done in a five-year period, they highlighted that there is a wide variety of causes, including the developmental deficiencies, early detection and trials to correct the issue and the effects of treatment. The effects explored included the impairments seen in the social functionality of the child and the outcomes of the treatment plan. For example, one of the effects explained was that there is little evidence of effective results arising from early interventions (Fernell, Eriksson Gillberg, 2013). The article explored a variety of variables that are either moderating or mediating, depending on their nature and levels, including being epileptic and the fragility of the x syndrome. In the working out of the various constructs, the researchers controlled for the outside factors and variables, and reached the conclusion that there is little effectiveness in the early intervention models developed. From the study of the meta-analyses of the studies published by Pub Med in last five years. The researchers found some information showing that the adoption of early intensive treatment led to the successful correction of the problems found in children suffering from ASD. The interpretation of the findings was that more study was needed to explore the link between the impaired development of the networks and the intensity of behavioral corrections. Based on the article’s area of study as well as its findings, some information gaps were exposed, including those on whether the mediating variables of epilepsy among others could hold the key to the positive outcomes. The effects of the mediating factors should be explored further, so as to find out whether it will be necessary to develop a new theory incorporating them (Fernell, Eriksson Gillberg, 2013).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Randomized, controlled trial of an intervention for toddlers with autism: the Early Start Denver Model   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dawson and colleagues (2010) did a randomized study exploring the effectiveness of the ESDM model of treatment. The ESDM is a developmental model of treatment based on behavioral interventions and is intended to lessen the severity of the effects of the toddlers suffering from ASD. The mediating and moderating areas explored through the study included the age of the children, which ranged from 18 to 30 months. The independent variables of the study included the delivery of ESDM model of treatment, and the dependent variable beingchecked towards theory development was the reduction in the severity of the ASD condition. The theory under exploration was the empathizing-systemizing theoretical model. The main position of the theory is that the children suffering from ASD get fewer scores in adaptive behaviors like empathy as compared to their peers (Dawson et al., 2010). The theory is based on the outlook that the effects of autism limit a chi ld’s ability to adapt to social situations and their environment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The main constructs of the theory include the systematized nature of social functionality, sensory manipulation, and the working of motor-based systems. The relationship of the constructs is that the impairment in the development of the brain leads to the reduced effectiveness of the autistic child. The cause of the phenomena includes the impairment in the development of the brain. The effects include the low levels of emotional ability (empathy), sensory manipulation including tapping; and motor manipulation like rocking. The mediating variables included the ages of the children and were not demonstrated to have any effect on the effectiveness of the treatment (Dawson et al., 2010). In the operationalization of the constructs, the study used a study group and a control group. The study split the sampled children of ages ranging from 18 to 30 monthsinto two groups (control and study).In addition, it delivered the ESDM treatment over a two-year period and demonstrated that the method yielded results.The study adopted a statistically comparative study of the children’s standardized scores. The study showed that the treatment was effective, and the study contributed to the advancement of the theory that the developmental effects can be reduced. The results of the study could widen the scope of the theory among others as many have maintained the position that treatment does not yield results(Dawson et al., 2010). Systematic Review of Early Intensive Intervention for Autism Spectrum Disorders   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Warren and colleagues (2011)based their study on the theory of applied behavioral evaluation. The main constructs of the theory include that the principle that child learning can be utilized to improve the affected behavioral areas, through behavioral learning. The implications of the principle are that, despite that it may be impossible to solve the problems completely; it is possible to reduce the severity and develop behaviors that reduce their adversity. The relationship between the constructs is based on the outlook that behaviors are learned and that the impaired behavioral areas can be improved through specificallytargeted learning. The learning that is effective for different individuals is often different, depending on the severity of the ASD in the different areas of underdevelopment. The causes in a relationship include the impairments of the children’s brains, and the effects of behavioral training. The mediating factors explored in the study include the outlook of the behavioral training and its effectiveness. The aspects taken into account as determinants of the effectiveness of the process include the team that administers the behavioral training. In the operationalization of the constructs, the study explored the study explored the modeling based on the early start Denver system. The study entailed the review of the literature that explored the field during the years spanning from 2000 and 2010. The study was mainly a literature review of the studies done, in the past, in the area. The study did not apply any statistical analyzes, due to its nature. The findings of the study included that the Lovaas-based model of treatment, among a few other early intensive training for behavioral development, improved skills like language, cognitive abilities, and social behaviors. The interpretation of the results was that early interventionism is useful in countering or lessening the severity of the impacts of ASD. Autism spectrum disorders: an overview of diagnosis andtreatment   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Brentani and colleagues (2013) based their exploration of the problem of ASD and the corrective measures employed to address it, on the developmental milestones of children aged between 0 and 3.The article started by exploring the wide array of developmental impairments that resemble ASD, including a Heller’s syndrome.It emphasized that they all result from the faulty or compromised working of the child’s brain systems(Brentani et al., 2013). The effects of ASD explored include the abnormality of social engagement, creative play, and language skills. The major constructions explored by the authors in the review included the diagnostic models used, main areas of evaluation, the scales and tools for evaluating the problem and the information generated through epidemiological treatment models. In exploring the wide array of constructs, the authors reviewed the studies exploring ASD and the different variables. The relationship b etween the constructs includes that some contribute to the development of ASD The relationship between the constructs includes that some contribute to the development of ASD andothers are the outcomes(Brentani et al., 2013). The causes covered by the study include drugs administered for symptom control and the scales used to evaluate the problem and their effects on the management of the problem. There are no mediating or moderating constructs, but the dependent constructs include the change of the symptoms of ASD. The study was mainly a review of theliterature; therefore, it did not employ any research methods. Using the outcomes of the study, there was no information reported on the recovery of the subjects covered by the study after they were subjected to the corrective and management-based treatments. Further, the study gave the impression that it is necessary to develop multi-professional teams in the exploration of the problem of ASD. In addition to its engagement with management or treatment models (Brentani et al., 2013). Autistic spectrum disorders: Diagnostic and Therapeutic challenges in Mexico   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Marquez-Caraveo and Albores-Gallo (2011)explored the nature of ASD, which are developmental impairments that affect three areas, including the skills of communication, interactive skills in social settings and motor movements. The study explored in the article is based on the developmental theory of mind blindness. The theoretic model that emphasizes the blindness of the mind, is based on the concept that the autism of a child is initially noticed by parents. Among the other people within the social circle of the child as early as when they are as young as 12 months of age.The theory highlights that the areas of cognitive and interactive development that are impaired include the child’s ability to observe the behavior of another and then adjust in response. One example of real-life experience that demonstrates this area of weakness is that you will find the autistic child looking outside the window, but they will notice little on th e view outside the window. In exploring the theory, the researchers highlighted that less than 38% of families seek medical advice, even after noticing the developmental deficiencies that give evidence of ASD. The researchers also highlighted the necessity of training health and educational service providers, on the developmental course of social communication and interactions as well as language acquisition. By developing the experience and the knowledge needed to discover the problems of the children, they will report the condition before it escalates to levels that are more adverse. The theory highlights that the areas of cognitive and interactive development that are impaired include the child’s ability to observe the behavior of another and then adjust in response. One example of real-life experience that demonstrates this area of weakness is that you will find the autistic child looking outside the window, but they will notice little on the view outside the window. In exploring the theory, the researchers highlighted that less than 38% of families seek medical advice, even after noticing the developmental deficiencies that give evidence of ASD. The researchers also highlighted the necessity of training health and educational service providers, on the developmental course of social communication and interactions as well as language acquisition. By developing the experience and the knowledge needed to discover the problems of the children, they will report the condition before it escalates to levels that are more adverse.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The major constructs explored in the study included the discovery of the symptoms of autism, the instruments for assessing the problem, and the psychosocial treatments that can be used to address the problem. The relationship between the various constructs is one that demonstrates a continuum model.This is where the observation of symptoms should lead to the use of dedicated tools to study the problem and initiating psychosocial treatment to reduce the severity of the problem.The cause variable is the symptoms of ASD. The mediating and in some case moderating variable is the evaluation of the problem using dedicated tools. The dependent variable is initiating psychosocial treatment, which leads to the reduction of the problem. The constructs were mainly explored as a continuum of events, and not operationalized as cause-effect based phenomena. The study was mainly a literature review exploring the literature developed about ASD, its treatm ent and the course of discovery. The article led to questions on the importance of training/ teaching parents on ASD, so that they can detect ASD early and initiate psychosocial development for better outcomes. The mediating and in some case moderating variable is the evaluation of the problem using dedicated tools. The dependent variable is initiating psychosocial treatment, which leads to the reduction of the problem. The constructs were mainly explored as a continuum of events, and not operationalized as cause-effect based phenomena. The study was mainly a literature review exploring the literature developed about ASD, its treatment and the course of discovery. The article led to questions on the importance of training/ teaching parents on ASD, so that they can detect ASD early and initiate psychosocial development for better outcomes. The mediating and in some case moderating variable is the evaluation of the problem using dedicated tools. The dependent variable is initiating psychosocial treatment, which leads to the reduction of the problem. The constructs were mainly explored as a continuum of events, and not operationalized as cause-effect based phenomena. The study was mainly a literature review exploring the literature developed about ASD, its treatment and the course of discovery. The article led to questions on the importance of training/ teaching parents on ASD, so that they can detect ASD early and initiate psychosocial development for better outcomes. References Brentani, H., de Paula, C., Bordini, D., Rolim, D.,  Sato, F.,  Portolese, J., Pacifico, M.,  McCracken, J. (2013). Autism spectrum disorders: an overview of diagnosis and treatment.Rev. Bras. Psiquiatr.   35 (Supl. 1), S62-72. Dawson, G., Rogers, S., Munson, J., Smith, M., Winter, J., Greenson, J., Donaldson, A., Varley, J. (2010). Randomized, controlled trial of an intervention for toddlers with autism: the Early Start Denver Model.Pediatrics, 125 (1), e17-23. Fernell, E., Eriksson, M., Gillberg, C. (2013). Early diagnosis of autism and impact on prognosis: a narrative review. Clin Epidemiol, 5, 33-43. Marquez-Caraveo, M., Albores-Gallo, L. (2011). Autistic spectrum disorders: Diagnostic and Therapeutic challenges in Mexico. Salud Mental, 34, 435-441. Warren, Z., McPheeters, M., Sathe, N., Foss-Feig, J., Glasser, A., Veenstra-VanderWeele, J.A. (2011). Systematic Review of Early Intensive Intervention for Autism Spectrum Disorders. Pediatrics,127(5), e1303-e1311. Source document

Behavioral Jealousy Essay -- Psychology, Behavior

Behavioral jealousy are actions that occur between an individual who is experiencing envious thoughts and how they internalize and react to the stimuli. Pfeiffer and Wong (1989) â€Å"conceptualize jealous behaviors as the detective/protective measures a person takes when relationship rivals (real or imaginary) are perceived. Detective actions include questioning, checking up on the partner, and searching the partner’s belongings† (p.183). Research suggests that behavioral jealousy is used to maintain relationships. Relationship maintenance refers to either positive or negative behaviors that occur between two individuals in order to maintain a healthy communicative balance. Dainton and Gross (2008) specifically discuss the repercussions that negative behaviors such as jealousy induction may have on relationship maintenance. For instance utilizing negative maintenance behaviors such as jealousy to react to a relationship is negatively associated with relationship satisfaction. This research is tied in with the idea of social support and how individual respond to their partners. Researchers agree that jealousy in relationships can have a negative impact, yet also enhance romantic feelings and satisfaction based on how jealousy is initially communicated (Dainton & Gross, 2008; Yoshimura, 2004). â€Å"An essential idea behind this study is that the ways in which jealous individuals communicate their jealousy influence how the target communicatively responds. The results showed that targets of jealousy expressions most strongly respond in the style of the initial expression† (Yoshimura, 2004, p. 95). The way jealousy is expressed initially based on attitude and mood can affect the response of the partner and at shaping and guiding the relat... ...e a parallel correlation from offline jealousy behaviors. Groothof, Dijkstra, and Barelds (2009) suggest that â€Å"as for offline acts of infidelity, men compared to women are more upset by a mates sexual infidelity over the Internet, whereas women, more than men, are more upset by a mate’s emotional infidelity over the Internet† (p.1126). Research also suggests that besides socio-cultural and evolutionary jealousy based on gender differentiation; further research should focus on individual’s cognitive social perspective pertaining to jealousy emotion. Harris (2002) suggest that â€Å"individuals clearly vary in their susceptibility to feelings of jealousy†¦the degree of jealousy will be determined by the appraisals people make regarding the seriousness of a threat† (p.11). With that said, further research on sexual jealousy triggers should be further investigated.

Ethical and Legal Issues in nursing Essay

The nursing regulatory body, the Nursing and Midwifery Council requires all registered nurses to have an understanding of the ethical and legal principles which underpin all aspects of nursing practice(NMC,2010). A comprehensive understanding of current legal and ethical frameworks facilitates the delivery of appropriate skilled nursing care. The purpose of this assignment will be to critically discuss an episode of care encountered whilst on clinical placement. The episode of care involves the covert administration of medication to an elderly patient. The decision to covertly administer the medication will be critically assessed in this assignment. The Gibbs(1988) reflection model will be used to guide the discussion. The discussion will also consider the legal, ethical and professional issues surrounding covert medication. In the mental health sector, medication non-adherence remains a serious health-care problem with far-reaching ramifications for patients, their relatives and health-care professionals. Harris et al. (2008) found that between 40 and 60% of mental health patients fail to adhere to their medication treatment plan. This number increased to 50 and 70% for elderly patients with dementia, and between 75 to 85% among patients with schizophrenia and bi-polar disorders. In such cases, where the patient’s well being is at risk and the treatment is essential, health-care professionals may resort to disguising medications in food and drink. The medication is crushed or liquefied and mixed with foodstuff. This practice of concealment is called covert medication(NMC,2008). By covertly administering medication, the patient consumes a drug without the required informed consent. The Gibbs(1988) reflection model has been chosen for the purpose of this assignment as it allows the author to reflec t and think systematically about the episode of care. The initial stage of Gibbs’ reflective cycle is ‘Description’; in which the author is required to describe the events which occurred. In order to comply with the NMC(2010) code of conduct and guidelines on patient confidentiality, the patient will be called Mr Walker. Mr Walker, an 80-year-old service user was temporary placed at the respite care home. Mr Walker had severe dementia, and was  unable to communicate effectively. He frequently resisted all essential nursing care. Mr Walker’s medical history also included hypertension and angina. He was prescribed blood pressure medication (enapril tablets) to stabilise his blood pressure and to reduce the risk of stroke and heart attacks. He was also prescribed diuretics and medication to prevent further angina attacks. Mr Walker frequently refused to take his medication; spitting out the tablets and refusing to swallow. The nurse in charge, concerned about the deterioration of Mr Walker’s health, considered the option to covertly administer his medication. The MDT held a meeting and reached the decision to covertly administer Mr Walker’s medicat ion. The second stage of the Gibbs’ reflective cycle is ‘Feelings’, requiring the author to briefly discuss her reactions and feelings. The author felt the decision to covertly administer medication was morally correct and ethically permissible. The author refers to the deontology ethical theory to support her thoughts and feelings. The NMC code of conduct considered by Beckwith and Franklin(2011) as a model of rule deontology states that all health-care professionals should â€Å"safeguard and promote the interests and well-being of patients†. The act of covertly administering medication could therefore be deemed morally correct. The practitioners intended on acting in the best interest of Mr Walker irrespective of the consequences of their actions (breaching patient autonomy). Their actions promoted and safeguarded Mr Walker’s health and well-being. Husted (2008) argues that from a deontological point of view, violating an individual’s autonomy is sometimes necessary to promote the individual’s best interest. In this case it could therefore be ethically permissible to covertly administer medication without Mr Walker’s consent. The medication is essential and promotes Mr Walker’s long-term autonomy and safeguards his health and well-being. Similarly, the ethical princip les of beneficence and non-maleficence could be used to justify the use of covert-medication (Wheeler 2008). The principle of beneficence is an ethical principle derived from the duty to provide benefits and to consider the benefits of an action against the risk. According to Masters(2005), health-care practitioners have a professional duty and an ethical obligation to carry out positive actions with the aim of safeguarding their patient’s health and well-being. With this notion in mind, covert medication could be morally justified if it safeguards the  welfare of the patient. In this case, the discontinuation of medication would have had a detrimental effect on Mr Walker. Thus administering the medication covertly was in accordance with the principle of beneficence. In this case, one could also argue that the medication was actually acting as an autonomy restoring agent (Wong et al,2005). Mr Walker’s autonomy was restored in that he was relieved of severe pain. The medication also worked by improving his quality of life. Several studies on the chemical and physical restrain t of aggressive dementia patients also often show a preference to covert medication (Treolar et al,2001). Covert medication is often considered the least ‘restrictive’ and ‘inhumane’ way of administering medication when considering alternatives like physical and technical restraint to administer medication by force (Engedal,2005). Such alternatives to covert medication are unsafe and can have long lasting negative psychological effects on the patient (Wong et al, 2005). However, covert medication is not without its shortcomings. The team was deceiving Mr Walker, an already confused, poorly, frail, weakened and vulnerable individual. In the Dickens et al(2007) study, many patients expressed this view of covert-medication as an act of deception. They considered covert medication as an extremely coercive practice violating their personal rights. This resultantly damaged the therapeutic nurse-patient relationship and patients felt they were no longer in a safe, therapeutic environment. The nursing ethical principle of non-maleficence is similarly relevant to this discussion. It requires practitioners to safeguard their patients’ welfare by not inflicting pain or harm (Koch et al,2010). This requirement poses serious ethical dilemmas. It is difficult to uphold this ethical standard as all forms of medical intervention entail some element of harm. Koch et al,(2010) suggest that perhaps for the harm caused to be ethically permissible it should be pr oportional to the benefits of the medical treatment. The author thus feels that covert medication in Mr Walker’s case could be ethically justified under these ethical principles. The author will now focus on the ‘Analysis’ stage of Gibbs’ reflection model. Here, the author will critically analyse the events which occurred including the decision making process and the decision itself. The author will firstly discuss the issue of consent in relation to covert medication. The covert administration of medication is indeed a complex issue. It derives from the  essential principles of consent and patient autonomy which are deeply rooted in the UK statute, common law and the Human Rights Act 1998 (Lawson and Peate,2009). The UK law clearly considers bodily integrity a fundamental human right; a mentally competent adult has the right to refuse medical treatment regardless of how essential the treatment is to their health and well being (Kilpi, 2000). The freedom of choice which is reinforced by the ethical principle of respect for autonomy is an important right. The NMC(2008) further highlights in the Code that it is the nurses’ professional, legal and ethical duty to respect and uphold the decision made by the patient. If a nurse administers covert medication to a mentally competent individual, the nurse will be acting unethically (disregarding autonomy) and in breach of the law which could constitute grounds for trespass, assault or battery (NICE,2014), as shown in the cases R v SS [2005] and R v Ashworth Hospital [2003]. Thus practitioners have a professional, legal and ethical duty to respect the autonomous wishes of each patient. In Mr Walker’s case an MDT meeting was held prior to the covert administration of medication to consider Mr Walker’s lack of consent and his mental capacity to consent. The MDT consisted of: the general practitioner, psychiatrist, junior house officer, nurse-in-charge, home-manager, occupational-therapist, physio-therapist, speech and language therapist, pharmacist, dementia nurse specialist, student nurse, and two relatives. By holding an MDT meeting, the practitioners were acting in accordance with local policies and guidelines. The NICE(2014) guidelines state that health-care practitioners have a legal duty to investigate and take into account the patient’s wishes, as well as the views of their relatives, carers and other practitioners involved in the patient’s care. By consulting with the relevant parties, the decision made will be, â€Å"based on what the person would have wanted, not necessarily what is best for their physical or mental health†(Latha,2010). Latha thus argues that decisions based on the patient’s wishes show some respect for the patient’s autonomy and are much more ethical than isolated decisions to covertly administer medication. As such, a failure to consult the relevant parties may constitute a breach of legal, professional and ethical duty as shown in the Gillick v West Norfolk  Health case (Nixon,2013). However, the Dickens et al, (2007) study shows that nurses frequently administer covert medication without any prior discussion with the MDT, relatives or even the pharmacist. Such practice has led to some nurses being disciplined and charged with various offences (Wong et al,2005). Under UK law, covert medication could be legally justified and considered ethical if the patient is admitted to the hospital under the Mental Health Act (1982). It could also be justified if it is shown that the patient lacks capacity under the Mental Capacity Act(2005). The MCA(2005) introduced the 2 stage capacity test. This 2 stage-capacity-test was used by the MDT in Mr Walker’s case. The MCA test required the MDT to consider whether Mr Walker’s cognitive impairment rendered him mentally incompetent to make treatment decisions. The physician used the MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool for Treatment (MacCAT-T) and the Mini-Mental Status Examination tool (MMSE) to assess Mr Walker’s cognitive function and his capacity to consent. The MacCAT-T interview tool was used to assess Mr Walker’s ability to (1) understand his medical condition and the benefits/ risks of the medical treatment (2) his ability to appreciate this information (3) his reasoning ability and (4) his ability to communicate and express his decision. The results showed Mr Walker as mentally incompetent and lacking the capacity to consent. Mr Walker was (1) unable to understand the information given to him regarding his treatment (2) he was unable to retain or weigh up the information given to reach a decision (3) he was unable to communicate his decision effectively even when encouraged to use non-verbal communication such as blinking or squeezing a hand. The Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE) tool was also used by the physician to assess Mr Walker’s cognitive function. Mr Walker following the assessment scored a low score of 12 on the MMSE. The MDT provided further clinical evidence (screening tools, clinical data, memory tests , medical imaging results).There were some disadvantages associated with using the MacCAT-T assessment tool. The MacCAT-T tool itself does not give ‘cut off scores’ to clearly ascertain the boundary between capacity and incapacity. This is certainly a limitation. As shown in the Palmer et.al. (2002) study, this can lead to some patients with low scores being wrongly assessed as lacking capacity. The MacCAT-T tool also fails to recognise the emotional aspects of decision making (Stoppe, 2008). It assumes that people only rely on a  rational, analytic, rule-based thought process to make decisions. Breden and Vollman (2004) thus argue that, â€Å"the restriction to only logical rationality runs the risk of neglecting the patient’s normative orientation†. Other factors including situational anxiety, severity of the medical condition, medication could also impact on a person’s ability to articulate their decision making process. Furthermore, assessment tools like the MacCAT-T tool, largely depend on the clinician’s ability to carry out a clinical interview with the patient. It requires the physician to make an isolated evaluation and decision. Isolated judgements and evaluations can be unreliable as they can be influenced by factors such as subjective impressions, professional experience, personal values, beliefs and even ageism as shown in the Marson et.al. empirical study (Sturman,2005). In the study only 56% of physicians who participated in the capacity assessment of patients were able to agree on a capacity judgement. Many physicians found that they were unable to agree due to differences in medical experience, personal beliefs and subjective impressions. Such empirical evidence certainly questions the reliability of capacity assessment tools. Following on, effective communication skills were essential at this first stage of the capacity assessment as the team was required to consider whether Mr Walker was likely to recover capacity. Effective communication is certainly important in such MDT settings as, â€Å"effective communication, which is timely, accurate, complete, unambiguous, and understood by the recipient, reduces errors and results in improved patient safety† (Bretl,2008). Several studies have shown ineffective communication as a contributing factor in medical error cases (Rothschild, 2009). Through effective communication, each member of Mr Walker’s MD team understood the discussion at hand and was thus able to contribute new suggestions and solutions. The team implemente d communication skills such as negotiation, listening and goal setting skills.The MDT with input from Mr Walker’s relatives concluded that a best interest decision would have to be made on Mr Walker’s behalf. The general practitioner made it clear that the best interest decision would have to comply with the UK legal framework. The European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR) requires the medical treatment given to be respectful to the patient (Pritchard, 2009). In discussing Mr  Walker’s case, it was firstly established (during the medication review), that the treatment in question had both ‘therapeutic necessity’ and ‘therapeutic effects’ for the patient. The MDT when making a best interest decision also considered the risks and benefits of treatment in accordance with the ECHR requirements. The ECHR states that the medical treatment should not be given in a sadistic, inhumane or degrading manner (Human Right Review,2012). Similarly, the NICE(2014) guideline states that the harm that would be caused by not administering the medication covertly, must be greater than the harm that would be caused by administering the medication covertly. This requirement was satisfied by the practitioners in Mr Walker’s case. An in-depth risks and benefits assessment was carried out. The pharmacist’s input was essential at this stage. The pharmacist presented an evidence-based argument; discussing the essential medication with medical necessity. The pharmacist also provided guidance on the most appropriate form of administration; for example he suggested prescribing enapril in its liquid form (enaped). The pharmacist also provided guidance on the most appropriate method of administration; for example; not mixing the medication with large portions of food or liquid. Following this discussion with the pharmacist, a best interest decision was made to covertly administer Mr Walker’s medication. It was important for the MDT to consult with the pharmacist. The method of crushing, smashing tablets or opening capsules which is a commonly used when covertly administering medication is an unlicensed form of administration (NMC, 2008). It can inflict harm by altering the therapeutic properties which can cause adverse reactions and fatalities. When using this unlicensed method of administration, the practitioner is also unable to establish whether the patient has received the prescribed amount. If the patient is not receiving the correct dosage required for his treatment, the treatment is ineffective (Wong et al,2005). The pharmacist should therefore be consulted with. However, as demonstrated by the McDonald et al,(2004) study pharmacists are rarely consulted with. In the study, 60% of nurses working in UK care homes admitted to crushing tablets on each drug round to help patients with swallowing difficulties without firstly consulting with a pharmacist. Fortunately, in Mr Walker’s case, the pharmacist was able to provide guidance on the most appropriate method of administration. Following on, in such cases where the patient is  proven to lack capacity to consent to medical treatment, the Mental Capacity Act promotes the use of ‘best interest decisions’. In Mr Walker’s case, the MDT reached a ‘best interest’ decision to covertly administer his medication. However, there are some problems associated with the practice of relying on ‘best interest decisions.’ Baldwin and Hughes (2006), highlight the numerous problems associated with making best i nterest decisions. In their empirical study, Baldwin and Hughes found that practitioners and relatives often evaluate a patient’s quality of life differently. The results showed the poor performance of relatives and practitioners at predicting patients’ medical treatment preferences. Differences in cultural backgrounds, professional experiences, values and beliefs mean that decisions made may actually go against what the patient would have wanted. The failure to consider the patient’s values and believes was found to be a common occurrence in the Dickens et al,(2007) study. In this study, 18% of the nursing staff interviewed admitted that they would be willing to covertly administer medication to even those patients with capacity to consent, regardless of their values and beliefs, if the treatment was essential for their well-being. The legal framework in the UK was indeed established with the aim of safeguarding the welfare of the incapacitated person. However, with such results, it remains unclear the extent to which health-care professionals are actually adhering to the legal requirements. The Mental Health Foundation(2012) argues that the MCA, â€Å"needs revising to enable more effective ‘best interests decisions’ by health and social care staff.† In its investigation, the Mental Health foundation found that although a large number of health-care staff found the MCA to be an effective tool in ba lancing the ethical principle of autonomy and safeguarding patients lacking capacity, 63% of health-care practitioners felt the definition of mental capacity was not made clear, with many expressing the view that the legal framework does not â€Å"encompass the complexity of capacity assessments in practice† (MHF, 2012). The Griffith (2008) study and the Roy et al. (2011) further found that due to this lack of understanding, a large number of mental-health patients were wrongly assessed as lacking capacity, depriving them of their personal rights. These results suggest that health-care professionals perhaps require further training and education about the legality and practicalities of covert  medication. When used without the correct legal safeguards in place, covert medication undoubtedly becomes an extremely paternalistic unlawful and unethical practice. Following the anonymous ‘best interest’ decision to covertly administer Mr Walker’s medication. The decision making process was clearly documented; the mental capacity assessment, the best interest decision, method of administration (stating explicitly that the least restrictive method will be used) were all documented in Mr Walker’s care-plan and medication-chart. Accurate documentation and record keeping is essential as it safeguards service users’ human rights and ensures that health care professionals follow the legal framework as well as local policies and guidelines. Article 6 of the HRA, ‘right to a fair and public hearing’, also requires clinical records to be comprehensible, clear and concise so that they can be referred to if needed in a fair and public hearing. Following the MDT meeting, Mr Walker’s care plan was frequently discussed and reviewed by the MDT in monthly formal review meetings in compliance with local policies and guidelines. NICE (2013) guidelines state that it is important to frequently review covert medication decisions. Each individual is different and an individual’s mental state and capacity can change over time. By carrying out the monthly formal review meetings, the practitioners safeguard their client’s rights by ensuring that covert medication is still the most appropriate, lawful and ethical method of administration. In conclusion, the nurses of today certainly practice in a complex health care system. It is thus essential for nurses to have a good understanding of the ethical principles which underpin good nursing practice. In the nursing literature, nurses are often described as the â€Å"moral agents† of the health-care system (Sellman,2011). This means that nurses should value ethical reasoning; acting in such a way which balances good intentions against risk and the best outcome. Through good ethical reasoning nurses are able to promote patient comfort, patient’s safety, ease suffering, and promote patient welfare to enhance recovery. The covert administration of medication should therefore not be an isolated decision, it should comply with the legislation, ethical principles, local policies and guidelines. Bibliography The National Institute for Clinical Excellence, (2014). Managing medicines in care homes. [online] NICE. Available at: http://www.nice.org.uk/media/B5F/28/ManagingMedicinesInCareHomesFullGuideline.pdf [Accessed 17 Apr. 2014]. Beckwith, S. and Franklin, P. (2011). Oxford handbook of prescribing for nurses and allied health professionals. 1st ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Breden, T. and Vollmann, J. (2004). The cognitive based approach of capacity assessment in psychiatry: A philosophical critique of the MacCAT-T. Health Care Analysis, 12(4), pp.273–283. Bretl, A. (2008). Patient safety rounds. 1st ed. Oak Brook, Ill.: Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations. Nursing and Midwifery Council, (2010). The Code. [online] NMC. Available at: http://www.nmc-uk.org/Documents/Standards/nmcTheCodeStandardsofConductPerformanceAndEthicsForNursesAnd- Midwives_LargePrintVersion.PDF [Accessed 16 Apr. 2014]. Dickens, G., Stubbs, J. and Haw, C. (2007). Administering medication to older mental health patients. Nursing times, 103(15), pp.30-31.Engedal, K. and Kirkevold, O (2005). Concealment of drugs in food and beverages in nursing homes: cross sectional study. BMJ, 330(7481), p.20.Equality Human Rights (2012). Article 3: Freedom from torture and inhumane and degrading treatment or punishment. [online] Available at: http://www.equalityhumanrights.com/uploaded_files/humanrights/hrr_article_3.pdf [Accessed 12 Apr. 2014]. Gibbs, G. (1988). Learning by doing. 1st ed. [London]: FEU. Griffith, R. and Tengnah, C. (2008). Mental Capacity Act 2005: assessing decision-making capacity 2. British journal of community nursing, 13(6), pp.284-293.Harris, N., Baker, J. and Gray, R. (2009). Medicines management in mental health care. 1st ed. Chichester, U.K.: Wiley-Blackwell. Hughes, J. and Baldwin, C. (2006). Ethical issues in dementia care. 1st ed. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Husted, J. and Hust ed, G. (2008). Ethical decision making in nursing and health care. 1st ed. New York: Springer Pub. Co.Koch, S., Gloth, F. and Nay, R. (2010). Medication management in older adults. 1st ed. Totowa, N.J.: Humana. Latha, K. (2010). The noncompliant patient in psychiatry: The case for and against covert/surreptitious medication. Mens sana monographs, 8(1), p.96. Lawson, L. and Peate, I. (2009). Essential nursing care. 1st ed. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. Leino-Kilpi, H. (2000). Patient’s autonomy, privacy, and informed consent. 1st ed. Amsterdam: IOS Press. Macdonald, A., Roberts, A. and Carpenter, I. (2004). De facto imprisonment and covert medication use in general nursing homes for older people in South East England. Ageing clinical and experimental research,16(4), pp.326-330. Masters, K. (2005). Role development in professional nursing practice. 1st ed. Sudbury, Mass.: Jones and Bartlett. Mental Health Foundation, MCA Code of Practice needs revising to enable more effective best interests decisions to be made. (2012). MHF News Archieve, [online] p.1. Available at: http://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/our-news/news-archive/2012/12-01-31/ [Accessed 12 May. 2014]. Nixon, V. (2013). Professional practice in paramedic, emergency and urgent care. 1st ed. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. NMC, (2008). Standards for medicines management. [online] Available at: http://www.nmc-uk.org/Documents/NMC-Publications/NMC-Standards-for-medicines-management.pdf [Accessed 16 Apr. 2014]. Palmer, B., Nayak, G., Dunn, L., Appelbaum, P. and Jeste, D. (2002). Treatment-related decision-making capacity in middle-aged and older patients with psychosis: a preliminary study using the MacCAT-T and HCAT.The American journal of geriatric psychiatry, 10(2), pp.207-211. Pritchard, J. (2009). Good practice in the law and safeguarding adults. 1st ed. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Rothschild, A. (2009). Clinical manual for diagnosis and treatment of psychotic depression. 1st ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Pub. Roy, A., Jain, S., Roy, A., Ward, F., Richings, C., Martin, M. and Roy, M. (2011). Improving recording of capacity to consent and explanation of medication side effects in a psychiatric service for people with learning disability: audit findings. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities, 15(2), pp.85-92.Sellman, D. (2011). What makes a good nurse. 1st ed. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Stoppe, G. (2008). Competence assessment in dementia. 1st ed. Wie n: Springer. Sturman, E. (2005). The capacity to consent to treatment and research: a review of standardized assessment tools. Clinical psychology review, 25(7), pp.954-974. Treloar, A., Beats, B. and Philpot, M. (2000). A pill in the sandwich: covert medication in food and drink.Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 93(8), pp.408-411. Treloar, A., Beats, B. and Philpot, M. (2000). A pill in the sandwich: covert medication in food and drink.Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 93(8), pp.408-411. Wheeler, K. (2008). Psychotherapy for the advanced practice psychiatric nurse. 1st ed. St. Louis, Mo.: Mosby Elsevier. Wong, J., Poon, Y. and Hui, E. (2005). I can put the medicine in his soup, Doctor!. Journal of medical ethics,31(5), pp.262-265.

The Historical Relevance of Masculine and Feminine Spaces Within the Home

This essay will analyze the historical relevancy of the thought of masculine and feminine infinites within the place and whether these thoughts are still evident in a 21stcentury South African context. This analysis will be done by utilizing the ideals placed on the Victorian Household and the psychological gender of the infinites, through looking into cardinal infinites within the De Villiers household place and how the design intercessions used in their place are relevant or irrelevant to the thought of masculine and feminine infinites. Through looking at both Public and Private Spaces within the house this extent will be analysed. The Victorian epoch is an epoch that has held a batch of symbolism to our current civilization. It has been the cause of some great argument about the gender functions on work forces and adult females for centuries ( Forty 1986: 110 ) . The Victorian epoch held the strongest grounds for inquiries to be asked about the house and what went on in doors ( Forty 1986: 109 ) . Our current society still lives by some of the regulations that were placed into the place environment, though a few functions may be reversed or neutralised. When looking at the cardinal civilization of the Victorian epoch the individual has to analyze the in-between category to upper category families that held more than three suites and had suites that were gender orientated ( Forty 1986: 106 ) . â€Å"As domestic environments have come to be regarded as marks of the residents ‘ characters, people have gone to great lengths to show a satisfactory history of themselves.† ( Forty 1986: 106 ) As people we base a big sum of what we think of a individual or household on their life conditions and therefore we project the coveted sentiment that we want from others onto our ain life infinites, to be perceived in a certain manner. This was a outlook that was seen in the Victorian epoch as good and predicted the hereafter of you and you relatives ( Forty 1986: 102 ) . The Home was seen as a category symbol that would project the wealth and position of the household that lived within ( Forty 1986: 101 ) . This was an of import portion of cognizing who to socialize with and what their personal worth would be to you. Sexs can merely be adequately evaluated in relation to their broader cultural contexts ( Smyth 1992:20 ) . This can find if one or both spouses in a heterosexual relationship tend to be either more feminine or masculine in the relationship. Cavallaro ( 2001:115 ) provinces that: â€Å"Anti-essentialists do non deny that work forces and adult females are biologically and anatomically different. However, they argue that maleness and muliebrity are non dateless worlds grounded in natural Torahs but really cultural constructs that change significantly through clip and space.† The sex of the individual does non impact the gender function that they have. How that will impact the relationship within the place in footings of the interior manner harmonizing to the gender function that is more prevailing. The De Villiers household place is a family that is normally found in South African, a mix of Afrikaans plaas and English City outlook ( De Villiers 2015 ) . The female parent was brought up in Johannesburg and the male parent on a farm in Nelspruit ( De Villiers 2015 ) . The family consists of the female parent, Debbi and the male parent, Lewis with their three boies over 21 life with them ( De Villiers 2015 ) . The household has a love for hosting friends and household in their infinites, this has made some design picks important in the house ( De Villiers 2015 ) . Debbi Studied to be a grade 5 instructor, but after holding her first boy chose to raise their kids as a stay at place Mother ( De Villiers 2015 ) . At this phase the male parent had a large portion in the design picks and certain things like flowered forms and coloring materials were non allowed to play a function in the communal infinites ( De Villiers 2015 ) . Debbi decided to make her ain drapes for the house and thi s shortly after became a concern that was conveying in more money than the building Job that Lewis had ( De Villiers 2015 ) . They shortly started to work together and this is when the alteration in the house happened and the opportunity for Debbi to convey Hints of florals into the house ( De Villiers 2015 ) . The house is over 85 old ages old and was renovated eleven old ages ago to modernize some of the characteristic and add to some of the infinites in the house ( De Villiers 2015 ) . The household hosts a big aggregation of familial old-timers that have been reupholstered to accommodate the manner of the house ( De Villiers 2015 ) . The mix between modern-day and old signifier a balance in this impersonal coloring material strategy place. The latest room to be redecorated was the telecasting room in February 2015 ( De Villiers 2015 ) . The outside is a common South African face brick outside. In the Victorian clip the work forces had sphere over what the outside of the house was to be this was because the exterior universe was a man’s universe ( Forty 1986: 104 ) . A masculine outside was seen every bit superior as it improved the power position of the household that lived within the house, if the outside was more feminine the house was seen as surrounding on a infantile look ( Ehrnberger, Rasanen & A ; Ilstedt 2012: 89 ) . The outside of the De Villiers house is masculine but the garden softens the exterior and makes the overall visual aspect more impersonal. As one enter the house you walk onto a raised platform that forms the transition to the private countries of the house and the public countries, this can be seen on the diagrammatic in Figure 1. The entryway looks into the unfastened program Formal life room ( Figure 1 and 2 ) . This room would be the equivalent to the music room and pulling room in a Victorian family. The infinite is divided into three defined sections: the first a Lounge country that is symmetrical with Colour doing the infinite asymmetrical, seen in figure 2 ; a seating country of two wingback chairs that has a tabular array with household images and other memorabilia, seen in Figure 2 ; and a Music country that has the piano and a music base, the piano has memorabilia on top of it, seen in Figure 2. The soft trappingss are in a bulk impersonal roof of the mouth with ruddy shock absorbers and pale blues or florals ( Figure 2 & A ; 3 ) being brought through, this a feminine manner of adorning the infinite ( Kinchin 1996: 13 ) . The dark forests of all the difficult furniture is a masculine trait ( Kinchin 1996: 13 ) . â€Å"Boundaries between interior mind and outward aesthetic look were turning of all time more indistinct† ( Sidlavskas 1996:70 ) . The overall design of the room is more feminine with the Photographs and shows of workss and embroideries throughout the infinite, these embroideries of the room can be seen as a nostalgic component of a more feminine nature of retrieving things from the yesteryear ( Morley 2002: 58 ) . The following infinite is the formal dining room that is off the kitchen and Formal life room, as can be seen in Figure 1. Figure 4 shows the full infinite of the dining room. Chiefly done in dark trappingss with a few cosmetic points. The room is more masculine with a strong contrast to the Formal life room. The Fire topographic point has a feminine expression to it and has been in the house since it was originally built. The furniture is all repurposed household old-timers. The images on the walls are prints and picture of work forces. These elements make the room more masculine and as it is more purpose decorated, therefore it has a more serious feel to it. This infinite is non a common used infinite and is kept for particular occasions where in the Victorian epoch it would hold been the most used room and the biggest position symbol in the house ( Kinchin 1996: 16 ) . This usage of the dining room would besides touch to the Victorian ideal of the stating ‘man of the Houseâ €™ and this would hence necessitate the infinite to come across more masculine to demo the ownership of the house unit. The outdoor terrace infinite that is off the dining room, seen in Figure 1, is a infinite used to observe household events. Morley ( 2002: 19 ) negotiations about the demand of the household to portion take in rites ( Birthdays, Easter and Christmas jubilations ) in certain countries of the house as a manner of demoing an â€Å"appearance of proper household relations† . This infinite in the De Villiers house is the Main terrace, which has been designed to be an amusement country. This country was added to the house ten old ages ago and has been used to observe a broad scope of events, every bit good as a favorite infinite to pass clip with one another. This infinite is a multi-purpose infinite that brings in the households love of nature into the infinite with the garden surrounding the infinite. This natural component is seen as a feminine side and with the swerving pendants and lighter colorss. the overall infinite has more of a feminine feel to the infinite. The Family Sitting room that is off the dining room, seen in Figure 1, is the most used infinite by the full household. Decorated in a Postmodern manner that is emotionally decorated ( Figure 6 ) and non functionally decorated, â€Å"stressing a alone and ‘daring’ combination of heterogenous furniture elements all favoured for their reliable single merits† ( Cieraad 1999: 9 ) . This infinite was redesigned in February and hence the gender function of the room has changed. All the dark wood trappingss have been limited and some painted white to give a softness to the difficult furniture. The walls have been repainted in a impersonal coloring material, while the coloring material blue has been brought in with florals and forms to equilibrate masculine and feminine in the room ( Figure 6 ) . The room that was predominately the son’s haven hence more masculine, has become a shared nervous infinite for the whole households use. The son’s sleeping rooms are each different and fit each of their personalities. The oldest son’s sleeping room ( figure 18 ) is bedroom 3. The color strategy is really similar to the remainder of the house with a more impersonal gender function. The in-between son’s sleeping room ( figure 15 and 16 ) is merely decorated with blues and a few points on his desk. The youngest boy ( figure 17 ) has the most points in his sleeping room and has a big about of memorabilia in the room. The color strategy is bluish and green. The male childs have masculine suites. â€Å"We must recognize that frequently place is ‘a contested sphere: an sphere where differing involvements struggle to specify their ain infinites within which to place and cultivate their identity’† stated by Ehrnberger ( Rasanen & A ; Ilstedt 2012: 57 ) . Each of the boies are seeking to happen their ain individuality in their single suites and therefore their suites are a contrast to th e overall manner of the house. The chief sleeping room suit that is off the chief passageway next to bedroom 1, seen in Figure 1, is the oasis in the house for the hubby and married woman. Figure 7 to 14 show the full suit. Each infinite has a different gender function and this shows who the infinite was designed more for the people populating within it. The sleeping room shown in figure 7, 8 and 9, is less ornamentally designed so the public infinites. The trappingss are in chiefly impersonal colorss with really small modeling on them. Each dark base has a different entreaty. There is a little terrace and seating country for the hubby and married woman to pass clip with each other in their shared infinite. The wife’s dark base ( figure 7 ) is round with a table fabric doing it softer, it has a works and a little lamp on the tabular array along with a few books and other points. Along with her dressing tabular array it marks her single infinite within the room. The husband’s nightstand ( figure 8 ) h as a pendant hanging over it, the base is made of a dark wood and has hemorrhoids of books on the base. The husband’s side of the bed is closest to his survey. â€Å"The surface of a room, the form of an object, its coloring material, can animate understanding or even antipathy†¦ objects become marks of a great figure of little actions† Paul Bourget ( Sidlauskas 1996:73 ) . The single infinites within the shared infinites are strongly defied unlike the remainder of the house. The suites off the sleeping room each have more masculine traits. The survey ( Figure 10 and 11 ) off the chief sleeping room is overruning with jumble and books. This infinite seems mussy but is a well-used infinite and is the husband’s chief infinite for himself in the house. The atrium off the infinite shows the demand for single infinite in the garden country for him every bit good. The bathroom seen in figure 13 and 14, shows a more masculine infinite with the usage of dark forests along the impersonal colors. There is really small ornament other than two pictures and a chair that has been placed in the infinite. The bathroom is more of a topographic point of map so emotion, doing the infinite more masculine ( Morley 2002: 57 ) . The De Villiers house was designed in a Gallic manner that would take one to believe that the muliebrity of that manner of design would be the most outstanding gender function within their house. This house shows that through the people the infinite is made a place and their personal gender functions, along with the functionality of each infinite determines the overall gender function of each infinite. Rothchild ( 1999: 11 ) negotiations about the alteration in ownership functions of the house due to the workplace going more feminine. This allows one to see that the household unit has a more balanced Gender function family due to Debbie and Lewis working together as co-owners of a concern, though Debbie now has a more design pick in the house. The private infinites applies to the person that spends the most sum of clip within that infinite. While the public infinite tend to be more masculine with feminine touches or elements being brought in to equilibrate the infinite. The outside o f this house does non hold an consequence on the overall gender function within the house. From my personal position, the De Villiers house tends to keep a more balanced sum of masculine and feminine gender infinites, though feminine elements outweigh the masculine elements in the public infinites. The overall design manner of the house stays consistent throughout the infinite.

Foot Binding in China

Foot Binding in China For centuries, young girls in China were subjected to an extremely painful and debilitating procedure called foot binding.  Their feet were bound tightly with cloth strips, with the toes bent down under the sole of the foot, and the foot tied front-to-back so that the grew into an exaggerated high curve. The ideal adult female foot would be only three to four inches in length. These tiny, deformed feet were known as lotus feet. The fashion for bound feet began in the upper classes of Han Chinese society, but it spread to all but the poorest families.  Having a daughter with bound feet signified that the family was wealthy enough to forgo having her work in the fields- women with their feet bound could not walk well enough to do any sort of labor that involved standing for any length of time.  Because bound feet were considered beautiful and sensual, and because they signified relative wealth, girls with lotus feet were more likely to marry well. As a result, even some farming families that could not really afford to lose a childs labor would bind their eldest daughters feet in hopes of attracting rich husbands for the girls. Origins of Foot Binding Various myths and folktales relate to the origin of foot-binding in China. In one version, the practice goes back to the earliest documented dynasty, the Shang Dynasty (c. 1600 BCE–1046 BCE). Supposedly, the corrupt last emperor of the Shang, King Zhou, had a favorite concubine named Daji who was born with clubfoot. According to the legend, the sadistic Daji ordered court ladies to bind their daughters feet so that they would be tiny and beautiful like her own. Since Daji was later discredited and executed, and the Shang Dynasty soon fell, it seems unlikely that her practices would have survived her by 3,000 years. A somewhat more plausible story states that the emperor Li Yu (reign 961–976 CE) of the Southern Tang Dynasty had a concubine named Yao Niang who performed a lotus dance, similar to en pointe ballet.  She bound her feet into a crescent shape with strips of white silk before dancing, and her grace inspired other courtesans and upper-class women to follow suit. Soon, girls of six to eight years had their feet bound into permanent crescents. How Foot Binding  Spread During the Song Dynasty (960 - 1279), foot-binding became an established custom and spread throughout eastern China.  Soon, every ethnic Han Chinese woman of any social standing was expected to have lotus feet.  Beautifully embroidered and jeweled shoes for bound feet became popular, and men sometimes drank wine from the dainty little footwear of their lovers. When the Mongols overthrew the Song and established the Yuan Dynasty in 1279, they adopted many Chinese traditions- but not foot-binding. The far more politically influential and independent Mongol women were completely uninterested in permanently disabling their daughters to conform with Chinese standards of beauty. Thus, womens feet became an instant marker of ethnic identity, differentiating Han Chinese from Mongol women. The same would be true when the ethnic Manchus conquered Ming China in 1644 and established the Qing Dynasty (1644–1912).  Manchu women were legally barred from binding their feet. Yet the tradition continued strong among their Han subjects.   Banning the Practice In the latter half of the nineteenth century, western missionaries and Chinese feminists began to call for an end to foot-binding.  Chinese thinkers influenced by Social Darwinism fretted that disabled women would produce feeble sons, endangering the Chinese as a people. To appease the foreigners, the Manchu Empress Dowager Cixi outlawed the practice in a 1902 edict, following the failure of the anti-foreigner Boxer Rebellion. This ban was soon repealed. When the Qing Dynasty fell in 1911 and 1912, the new Nationalist government banned foot-binding again.  The ban was reasonably effective in the coastal cities, but foot-binding continued unabated in much of the countryside. The practice wasnt more or less completely stamped out until the Communists finally won the Chinese Civil War in 1949.  Mao Zedong and his government treated women as much more equal partners in the revolution and immediately outlawed foot-binding throughout the country because it significantly diminished womens value as workers.  This was despite the fact that several women with bound feet had made the Long March with the Communist troops, walking 4,000 miles through rugged terrain and fording rivers on their deformed, 3-inch long feet. Of course, when Mao issued the ban there were already hundreds of millions of women with bound feet in China.  As the decades have passed, there are fewer and fewer. Today, there are only a handful of women living out in the countryside in their 90s or older who still have bound feet.

Essay on Sexual Addiction

Essay on Sexual Addiction Essay on Sexual Addiction Essay on Sexual AddictionToday, specialists have no doubt that sex can be the object of addiction just like food, shopping or gambling, alcoholism or drug addiction. In cases when a person becomes sexually addicted intimate relationships become the keystone, while all life priorities quietly fade into the background and eventually disappear altogether. The only occupation a person devotes one’s own energy and thoughts to is the striving for pleasure, incessant desire to experience sensual delight. As a result, sexual addiction leads to the loss of ability to control thoughts, feelings and actions.The physiological basis of addiction consists in the fact that sex and love provoke the production of the same chemicals in the brain as heroin and cocaine do, and therefore people suffering from sexual addiction obtain from sex the same experience that drug addicts get from drugs, and alcoholics from alcohol: extremely pleasant sensations, incomparable to anything else in their live s. Sexual relationships become for them the only way to lift the spirit. From the standpoint of psychological roots, the addicts use sex in order to suppress such feelings as sadness, anger, anxiety or fear, as well as get rid of the burden of everyday life. Current observations show that this need is so great that sexually addictive people, like alcoholics, are almost unable to resist their addiction, and therefore the emergence of the disease should not be socially justified by hypersexuality or treated as libertinism, another sexual disorder. Further in this paper, we will attempt to draw this line, considering the epidemiology, causes and course of sexual addiction, as well as will discuss possible therapeutic solutions.Understanding sexual addiction: symptomatology and causesSexuality is an integral human need, a source of pleasure and positive emotions. But this is only a part of life, one of the many human needs, and most people do not put it to the forefront among the others . Harmony is violated in the case when for one reason or another, one of the needs, in this case sexual, becomes an obsession, gains distorted shapes and subordinates all person’s thoughts and actions.However, where is the line distinguishing the normal human need for sex from a mania? On the one hand, as Karila et al. (2014, p. 4018) state in their research, some specialists long used to deny the existence of sexual addiction as a mental disorder and rather attributed it to libertinism. On the other hand, the differences between promiscuity and engagement in the perverted forms of sexual relations and addiction as such are quite obvious. In particular, similarly to other kinds of addiction, sexual addiction is characterized by such main symptoms as the inability to control one’s own sexual impulses, obsessions with sex ideas, inability to say â€Å"no’ and promiscuity of choice (Coleman-Kennedy Pendley, 2002, p. 145-47; Schaeffer, 2009, p. 154-55). As Karila et al. (2014, p. 4019) rightly put it, regardless of the particular type of sexual behavior, it turns into addiction when it gains elements of compulsiveness and complete disregard for the consequences.In this way, sexual addiction should be understood as a compulsive sexual behavior that is subconsciously used to achieve psychological comfort and pleasure. Sex addiction symptoms are manifested in (Coleman-Kennedy Pendley, 2002; Giugliano, 2003; Karila et al. 2014; Schaeffer, 2009):implicit emotional obtrusiveness and psychological instability,low level of moral values,regular uncontrolled sexual impulses arising suddenly and not eliminated by the efforts of will and intellect,gradual increase in the frequency of sexual impulses,signs of â€Å"withdrawals† (abstinence syndrome) after a short abstinencepenchant for casual sex with strangers,inability to maintain a long communication and sexual intercourse with the same partnerpersons’ uncontrollability in other spheres of life.In this way, for a sexual addict sex is the only valuable and desired thing in life, in which one can express independence and natural talents, as well as to assert in society. However, the number of sexual partners increases together with a sense of inner emptiness (Giugliano, 2003, p. 181). Considering a person of the opposite sex only as an object for sexual satisfaction, addicts appear not to be able to build long-term relationships or experience emotional bond in existing communications. Inability to fulfill the increasingly burgeoning sexual fantasies often leads to aggression, irritability, sudden mood changes, and depression (Giugliano, 2003; Riemersma Sytsma, 2013).In psychoanalytic understanding, the basis of sexual addiction is all-consuming anxiety (Giugliano, 2003; Coleman-Kennedy Pendley, 2002; Matà ©, 2012). According to Giugliano (2003, p. 179), this anxiety often originates in the disorder of sexual structure of personality: for example, in the sexual ne ed for suppression of painful feelings during early sexual trauma, as well as for overcoming the state of infantile rage, depression, or anhedonia (irritation and displeasure). Reasons of sexoholism can be serious psychological problems related to childhood rape, unsuccessful first sexual experience, parents’ sexual misconduct and distorted set of priorities (Matà ©, 2012, p. 58-61). Thus, basing on 2012 research of childhood trauma by Gabor Matà ©, the factors responsible for the development of sexual addiction for women may be, for example, mother’s chronic depression and hyperstimulating sexualized relationship with father. In the case of men, these might be degrading and rejecting parental figures, especially mother, demonstrative exception of the boy from parental love relationships.In general, expects agree that the lack of love, care, and attention from parents, and especially mother, has a great influence on the formation of future patterns of behavior with t he opposite sex (Giugliano, 2003; Matà ©, 2012; Schaeffer, 2009). An â€Å"underloved† child who lacked affection, gentle mother kisses and hugs finds it difficult to feel confident in adult life even with a good outlook. Such people with low self-esteem constantly feel the desire to assert themselves at the expense of attention of the opposite sex. Men tend to prove to each new partner, to themselves and others their power and â€Å"sexual might†; women conquering another man subconsciously look for acknowledgement. Thus, deviant behavior patterns mainly form as a response to psychological trauma, and have a fairly strong tendency to develop into a full-fledged addiction.Dealing with sexual addiction:epidemiology, risk groups, and their most common behavior patternsThus, numerous studies claim that today about 6% of people are obsessed with the constant idea of sex (Karila et al. 2014, p. 4013). It should be noted that the most or nearly 70% of sexoholics who search for skilled medical help are men (Riemersma Sytsma, 2013, p. 307). As Riemersma and Sytsma (2013, p. 309) describe it, a typical portrait of a sexual addict is a heterosexual man in his forties, married (or having a permanent partner), a professional who leads quite a normal life in all other aspects. At the same time, the situation with identifying dependencies among women is uneasy. According to experts, due to the still-preserved system of double standards, they often do not admit having any disorders and do not seek medical help. Nevertheless, the number of women experiencing constant irresistible need for sex is not less than 30% and shows rapid growth in recent years (Riemersma Sytsma, 2013, p. 312).According to Giugliano (2003), some people are more prone to addiction than others. For example, such traits may indicate that the person is able to get hooked on sex: suggestibility and imitation, curiosity and the constant search for new sensations, risk appetite and adventuris m, fear of loneliness (Young, 2008, p. 23-26). According to Matà © (2012); observations, potential sexoholics often have uneasy relationship with the parent of the opposite sex. Dependence is often provoked by a crisis situation like, for example, a betrayal when the deceived partner seeks to dissociate oneself from pain by using one of the patterns of deviant sexual behavior (Schaeffer, 2009, p. 159).In general, psychiatrists distinguish 12 behaviors that are often associated with sex addiction (basing on Coleman-Kennedy Pendley, 2002; Giugliano, 2003; Karila et al., 2014; Riemersma Sytsma, 2013; and Schaeffer, 2009):Compulsive masturbation reaching in some cases 20 times a day,Numerous sex and extramarital sexual relations, a high demand for sexual intercourse,Promiscuity in sexual partners, frequent â€Å"one night† relationships,Obtrusive use and watching of pornographic materials, pornophilia,Sex with strangers without using condoms and other contraception and protect ion against STDs,Phone sex, constant participation in sexual forums on the Internet and social networks,Obsessive dating through electronic and conventional dating services,Frequent use of prostitutes or gigolos,Exhibitionism,Voyeurism (watching other people have sex),Sexual harassment and sexual abuse,Propensity for sexual abuse and incest, and other paraphilias.If a person’s behavior matches at least four of the above symptoms, there is high probability that an individual is a sexual addict (Karila et al., 2014, p. 4015).Essay on   Sexual Addiction part 2

The Special Education Resource Room

The Special Education Resource Room The Resource Room is not just a place, but also a placement.   Because the resource room removes a child from a general education classroom for even part of the day, it is increasing the restrictiveness which is defined and proscribed except when necessary by IDEIA (Individual with Disabilities Educational Improvement Act.)   It is part of the placement process and is considered necessary for children who are easily distracted in the general education setting, especially when new information is being introduced.   Resource rooms  is a separate setting, either a classroom or a smaller designated room,  where a special education program can be delivered to a student with a disability individually or in a small group.   It is for the student who qualifies for either a special class or regular class placement but needs some special instruction in an individualized or small group setting for a portion of the day. Individual needs are supported in resource rooms as defined by the students IEP. Sometimes this form of support is called Resource and Withdrawal (or pull out). The child getting this type of support will receive some time in the resource room, which refers to the withdrawal portion of the day and some time in the regular classroom with modifications and/or accommodations which are the resource support in the regular classroom. This type of support helps ensure that the inclusional model is still in place. How Long Is a Child in the Resource Room? Most educational jurisdictions will have time increments that are allocated to the child for resource room support. For instance, a minimum of three hours a week in time increments of 45 minutes. This will sometimes vary on the age of the child. The teacher in the resource room is, therefore, able to concentrate on the specific area of need with some consistency. Resource rooms are found in elementary, middle and high schools. Sometimes the support in the high school takes on more of a consultative approach. The Teachers Role in the Resource Room Teachers in the resource room have a challenging role as they need to design all instruction to meet the specific needs of the students they service to maximize their learning potential. The resource room teachers work closely with the childs regular classroom teacher and the parents to ensure support is indeed helping the student to reach their full potential. The teacher follows the IEP and will take part in the IEP review meetings. The teacher will also work very closely with other professionals and paraprofessionals to support the specific student. Usually, the resource room teacher will work with small groups helping in one to one situations when possible. How Resource Rooms Helps Students Individual Needs Some older students feel a stigma when they go to the resource room. However, their individual needs are usually met better and the teacher will work closely with the regular classroom teacher to help support the child as much as is possible. The resource room tends to be less distracting than the regular classroom setting. Many resource rooms also support the social needs of their students in the small group setting and will provide behavior interventions. It will be very rare for a child to spend more than 50% of their day in the resource room, however, they may spend up to 50% in the resource room. Students in the resource room are usually assessed and tested in the resource room as it provides a less distracting environment and a better chance at success. A child will be re-evaluated every 3 years to determine special education eligibility.

Preschool Has Vetter Foreign Language Learners Essay

Preschool Has Vetter Foreign Language Learners - Essay Example Thid study highlights that language learning is stipulated as a natural process when children are at their tender age.   As such, children are more likely to learn a foreign language through other activities that are directly related to leaning such as playing and  Ã‚   exploration. In light of this, children growing in environments that are well rounded are more likely to speak approximately2000 basic words when they are at the age of four years. Nevertheless, adults who have attempted to learn a foreign language have experienced notable challenges especially in remembering or reciting foreign verbs.   This is purely so because adult memory is less capable of handling new languages. The first three years of human life could be termed as fundamental since the foundations of thinking language, vision, attitude among other necessities in human beings are eventually built. In reference to this, it is advisable that children are given the opportunity to utilize their natural abilit y to learn and get exposure of another language other than the first.As the research stresses  numerous studies have demonstrated a higher probability of learning a foreign language more easily at this age as opposed to other human developmental stages. Notably, the first few years of life constitute approximately 50 percent of the general development of human beings, while the rest of the development constitutes 30 percent.  Learning especially in children could be through sound, sight, taste, smell, touch and action.

Competitive Advantage at Louis Vuitton and Gucci Case Study

Competitive Advantage at Louis Vuitton and Gucci - Case Study Example This research is the best example of comparison of two brands. Both LVMH and Gucci host a number of luxurious brands which have their own individuality in terms of designing, inbound and outbound logistics, marketing and value to these companies. The most important success factor for these companies has been the valuable brands they serve. These brands have a long established history for delivering products which have been appreciated and accepted as the source of luxury. By luxury we mean products or services which have high economic value and have a limited market of the richest and elites. Both companies have cultivated strong marketing tools to ensure that their brands remain active in the market and are not renounced at any times. Furthermore, their presence and major fashion shows in major cities including New York, Paris, Milan, London, Singapore and Berlin creates a real impact for these companies. The overall impact of rejuvenating brand is increasing demand for prestigious products even at higher prices than market average. The second most important success factor is that these companies have constantly engaged in the process of evolving. From just being single business line entities they have not been hesitant to explore opportunities available in the market. This is mainly due to the inspirations and charisma of the groups’ creative directors who had long term vision for making their brands as household name. The companies have grown as conglomerate of brands with product lines in different market segments however keeping in view the value in terms of the extravagance and luxury for their users. The companies have been able to differentiate from their competitors in many ways. Most importantly is that these companies have kept a unique culture and control over the use of their brands. They have not allowed excessive franchising and licensing of their brand which would dilute their brands as experienced by some of the leading fashion brands su ch as Pierre Cardin which lost its presence in the luxury market because of the overuse of the brand in 1980s for over 800 products (Lynch, 2005). The consideration of the companies' value chains indicate that both companies aim to work with controlled suppliers

Strategic Management Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Strategic Management Accounting - Essay Example Current Situation Electronic Boards plc is electrical engineering company and it has been in the business since 1970’s. Company has almost 200 employees and it has been profitable over the last several years. Since establishment to 1985 company has been conducting operations without maintaining true accountancy systems. However, financial crisis has hit the company and it recorded a loss of ?1.7 million. This loss also had an impact the liquidity position of the company. The company’s management director Jack Watson has recently decided to develop the management accounting system for the firm to keep the track record of entire operations and to make sure that the company is able to understand how different products are performing. This report will analyze and outline the main factors that the company needs to consider in establishing a useful management accounting function within the company. ... Investing In Different Projects It has been found that the company directly purchases new technology or equipment in order to improve the productivity without analyzing the cost and benefit ratio of the investment. Therefore after establishing accounting system, the management would be able to make decisions by analyzing the cost and return of the investment and thus it can be helpful in increasing the profitability as only profitable investment will be accepted and others will be rejected (Jaffe, 2007). Moreover, it will be helpful in reducing the interest charges and high bank charges as the company will not be investing in every other technology that comes up. Identifying Areas Of Improvements As the company will have proper management accounting system, so with this the company will be able to identify areas where it can reduce costs and thus it can be helpful in increasing profitability. CONCLUSION Management accountings system, once developed, will provide more insight about th e current status of business and would enhance its capacity to ability to develop and enhance its capacity to compete and forecast its future needs. Moreover, the company would be able to improve its profitability and at the same time manage situations like recession in a better way. References Jaffe, J. (2007). Corporate Finance, Pashupati Printers Pvt Ltd: Delhi. Keown, A., Martin, J., & Petty, J. (2011). Foundations of finance (7th ed.). Boston, MA: Prentice Hall. Johnson, G., & Scholes, K. (2001). Exploring Corporate Strategy: Text and Cases. 6edition, Prentice-Hall:

Build a prototype E-Commerce Website Assignment - 1

Build a prototype E-Commerce Website - Assignment Example Logically, it is the marketing in every business that constructs the fundamental basis on which the business performance lies. The business has performed development-oriented studies and ascertained the origin of its misfortunes. Moreover the business has realized the remedy activities that if executed would reinstate the original performance capacity of the organization (Miller 2009). While pointing out the fact that there are particular aspects that influence the business situation and their adverse effects, the business has identified technology and proper management as the critical sources of the difficulties. However, the company problems have been condensed into a single trouble bordering the marketing and monitoring of stock. The company has experienced a slow pace of delivering products to its customer. The slower pace in selling as well as delivery of products to its customers has attributed to the cheaper sales due to the application of manual systems in the sales. Moreover, the manual outdated system of controlling the stock has been identified to being time consuming and wasting more time as a result. According to all the above provisions, the business has realized that a sole solution to its predicaments attributing to its ability to meet its threshold of  £2500 to cater for the basic requirements can be solved through the e-commerce. The contemporary system to be adopted by the company besides being observed as a future development strategy, it will also operate as a platform in the entire United Kingdom with a current venture in technological applications regarded as probable solutions (Schneider 2011). Throughout this piece, there will be an explicit elaboration on the current trends in e-commerce and the entire business fraternity. There will be a complete elaboration on the infrastructure needed to uphold development in the business. There will be justification of the desired choice amongst

China sweat factories pollution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

China sweat factories pollution - Essay Example The thesis statement of this paper is: Sweatshops in China are unethical because they are causing severe pollution and are destroying the environments surrounding the country. A sweatshop is basically a factory in the clothing industry, in which working conditions are poor and which violates the labor laws as defined by the legislature of the country. Poor working conditions may include unfair wages, child labor, lack of incentives given to the workers, perverse working hours, issues such as sexual or gender harassment, or any other kind of high degree exploitation of workers. Sweatshops even do not provide living wage to the workers, which is required to cover the basic needs of food, clothing and shelter. Workers work more than 60 hours per week. The workplace environment of sweatshops is a great stressor for workers. Harassment, intimidation, verbal abuse, and forceful work are important aspects of sweatshops. For example, workers are made to work with dangerous chemicals bare-handed. Developing or under-developed countries have the highest rate of child labor coming out of sweatshops that tend to produce a variety of products, such as clothing, shoes, toys, car gadgets, rugs, carpets, and eatables like chocolate and coffee. Sweatshops in China tend to pollute the air. There are a myriad of reasons behind this. Sweatshops discharge waste materials and toxic chemicals into the air and water. For instance, tons of dyes are discharged into water that causes various diseases. There are a number of sweatshops in China that are responsible for adverse environmental practices that are dangerous to health of workers working in the supplier plants. For example, Foxconn and Lian Jian Technology are some of the Chinese suppliers that work for Apple. These factories regularly violate China’s Law on the Prevention and Control of Occupational Diseases, according to which factories found indulged in

Significance of Foucault in the Study of Sexuality Essay

Significance of Foucault in the Study of Sexuality - Essay Example In earlier days, supreme people had the right of life, as well as death over his subjects. This "right of life" was, in reality, a "right of death." The supremacy practiced by the supreme people was merely a matter of deciding whether a person would be killed or not (Foucault, 1978). In general, sovereign power executed itself as a form of "inference": it consisted of the authority to take things such as life, property, privileges and taxes away from its subjects. Today, the author suggests, power no longer affirms itself as an inference, but as a "right of death" (Foucault, 1978). The authority has power over life via the deaths that it can sway. The key interest of power, these days, is in life, and how to protect, expand and enhance it. Warfare is still waged, but they are not waged in support of the "right of death" of some supreme people, but are instead waged to guarantee a better means of life for humanity. As warfare has become bloodier, the death punishment has become less o ften. Also, while the death punishment was once a resentful act of obliteration, today it is perceived as a safeguard, as a means of eradicating a threat to society. Supremacy is now exercised solely over life and is practiced either to promote life or to prohibit it. Above any other element, Foucault perceives bio-power as liable for the rise of capitalism. Humanity came to be perceived as a vital factor in politics and history. How people live became an aspect of knowledge and power. The law became less concentrated in prohibiting and disbanding, and became more concerned in optimizing and normalizing the conditions of human life. Successfully, the new-fangled power over life that the author discusses signified that humanity fell under the control of politics. The first part of part V of this volume compares two diverse applications of power: the "power over life" and "right of death". The second part of part V of this volume shows why, with the increase of bio-power, sexuality ha s turned into such a vital concept to humanity. Comprehending the difference between the power over life and right of death will be much easier if individuals leave ethical judgments aside (Foucault, 1978). Instead of trying to consider which one is "better," people should simply accept that they are diverse and endeavor to emphasize the importance of these differences. In general, humans may distinguish power over life from the right of death by arguing that the latter is a harmful kind of power and the former is an encouraging form of power. During the era of complete monarchies (France’